![]() ![]() Sago fronds are agricultural waste, whose availability is enormous in Indonesia, yet not optimally utilized. This research was conducted to isolate nanocrystalline cellulose from sago frond material, using sulfuric acid, with variations in hydrolysis times and cationic modifications of the nanocrystalline cellulose surface. The profiles of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction indicated a decrease in lignin content, hemicellulose, and fiber dimensions, during the delignification, bleaching, and hydrolysis, followed by an increase in the cellulose content and in degrees of crystallinity. The variations in hydrolysis times affected the cellulosic nanocrystalline characteristics. Longer hydrolysis times caused a decrease in the yield, thermal stability, dimensions of nanocrystalline cellulose, and an increase in the degree of crystallinity and surface charge. The modification of nanocrystalline cellulose, using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, led to the surface of nanocrystalline cellulose becoming positively charged followed by a decrease in the degree of crystallinity and thermal stability. The resulting nanocellulose had moderate stability and the potential to be applied in wider-scaled material processing. ![]() Orange peel powder was chemically modified to enhance quaternary amine type content on the surface of adsorbent which was named as quaternary amine modified orange peel powder (QAMOPP). The effecting parameters on adsorption of Reactive Red (RR) 120 such as pH (2.0–9.0), contact time (0–300 min), adsorbent dosage (0.01–0.07 g/30 mL), initial RR120 concentration (100–1000 mg/L) and temperature (298–338 K) were studied. The QAMOPP was extensively characterized for its surface chemical bonding, morphological structure, and specific surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter by employing FTIR, SEM and BET analysis. The experimental adsorption kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model equation with a regression coefficient of >0.9941 for all studied temperatures. ![]() The activation energy (E a ) is calculated to be 12.1 kJ/mol by using the Arrhenius equation. ![]()
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